![]() ![]() In the United States, by the end of the twentieth century, more people identified themselves as middle-class (with insignificant numbers identifying themselves as upper-class). In the United Kingdom, social status has historically been linked less directly to wealth than in the United States, and has also been judged by such characteristics as accent ( Received Pronunciation and U and non-U English), manners, type of school attended (state or private school), occupation, and the class of a person's family, circle of friends and acquaintances. ![]() Belief in bourgeois values, such as high rates of house ownership, delayed gratification, and jobs that are perceived to be secure.Holding professional qualifications, including academics, lawyers, chartered engineers, politicians, and doctors, regardless of leisure or wealth.The following factors are often ascribed in the literature on this topic to a "middle class:" These are all related, but are far from deterministically dependent. The size of the middle class depends on how it is defined, whether by education, wealth, environment of upbringing, social network, manners or values, etc. The typical modern definitions of "middle class" tend to ignore the fact that the classical petite-bourgeoisie is and has always been the owner of a small-to medium-sized business whose income is derived almost exclusively from the employment of workers "middle class" came to refer to the combination of the labour aristocracy, professionals, and salaried, white-collar workers. The boom-and-bust cycles of capitalist economies result in the periodic (and more or less temporary) impoverisation and proletarianisation of much of the petite bourgeois world, resulting in their moving back and forth between working-class and petite-bourgeois status. Within capitalism, "middle-class" initially referred to the bourgeoisie later, with the further differentiation of classes as capitalist societies developed, the term came to be synonymous with the term petite bourgeoisie. The chief defining characteristic of membership in the middle-class is control of significant human capital while still being under the dominion of the elite upper class, who control much of the financial and legal capital in the world. The middle class includes: professionals, managers, and senior civil servants. Stevenson identified the middle class as those falling between the upper-class and the working-class. The modern usage of the term "middle-class", however, dates to the 1913 UK Registrar-General's report, in which the statistician T.H.C. This "middle class" eventually overthrew the ruling monarchists of feudal society, thus becoming the new ruling class or bourgeoisie in the new capitalist-dominated societies. In France, the middle classes helped drive the French Revolution. While the nobility owned much of the countryside, and the peasantry worked it, a new bourgeoisie (literally "town-dwellers") arose around mercantile functions in the city. Friedrich Engels saw the category as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry in late-feudalist society. The term "middle class" has had several, sometimes contradictory, meanings. Another phrase used in early modern Europe was "the middling sort". ![]() The term "middle class" is first attested in James Bradshaw's 1745 pamphlet Scheme to prevent running Irish Wools to France. ![]() History and evolution of the term Sculpture of a chōnin, a middle class of mainly merchants that emerged in Japan during the Edo period. It characterized the middle class as having a reasonable amount of discretionary income and defined it as beginning at the point where people have roughly a third of their income left for discretionary spending after paying for basic food and shelter. In February 2009, The Economist asserted that over half of the world's population belonged to the middle class, as a result of rapid growth in emerging countries. There has been significant global middle-class growth over time. Theories like "Paradox of Interest" use decile groups and wealth distribution data to determine the size and wealth share of the middle class. Common definitions for the middle class range from the middle fifth of individuals on a nation's income ladder, to everyone but the poorest and wealthiest 20%. The term has historically been associated with modernity, capitalism and political debate. The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status. Global shareholders of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2021 ![]()
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